Building Codes & Habitability — Ohio

Building Codes — Alabama (AL) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Alabama Building Code based on 2018 IBC; enforcement is by counties and municipalities. Habitability statute: ALA Code §35-9A-204 (Alabama Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act — URLTA). Heating: landlord must provide working heating equipment; no specific minimum temperature in state law; courts apply 68°F as baseline. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room and on each floor (ALA Code §24-9-11); landlord installs; battery or hardwired. CO detectors: no statewide requirement as of 2024. Repair-and-deduct: yes — after written notice and 14-day failure; cap is $200 or half month's rent. Notable: Alabama preempts local rent control. Birmingham and Huntsville have local housing codes. Alabama's URLTA was substantially modernized in 2006 and covers most residential tenancies.

Building Codes — Montana (MT) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Montana Building Codes Act based on 2018 IBC; enforcement is local. Habitability statute: MCA §70-24-303 (Montana Residential Landlord and Tenant Act). Heating: Oct 1 through April 30; landlord must maintain 68°F in all habitable rooms. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room, outside sleeping areas, and on each floor; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (MCA §50-61-101). CO detectors: required in all residential units with fuel-burning appliances or attached garage (MCA §50-61-102). Repair-and-deduct: yes — after written notice and landlord failure within 14 days; cap is $300 or one month's rent. Notable: Montana preempts local rent control. Billings and Missoula have local housing code enforcement programs. Montana's rental market is tightening rapidly due to population growth; enforcement capacity limited in rural areas.

Building Codes — Idaho (ID) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Idaho State Building Code based on 2018 IBC/IRC. Habitability statute: Idaho Code §55-2002 (Residential Landlord and Tenant Act). Heating: landlord must provide working heating equipment; no specific minimum temperature by state law. Smoke detectors: required on each floor and outside each sleeping area; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (Idaho Code §39-6603). CO detectors: required in all residential units with fuel-burning appliances or attached garage (Idaho Code §39-6605). Repair-and-deduct: yes — after written notice and landlord failure within 3 days (emergency) or 30 days (non-emergency); cap is $300 or half month's rent. Notable: Boise has a local housing code enforcement program. Idaho preempts local rent control. No state income tax break specifically for rental income.

Building Codes — Iowa (IA) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Iowa State Building Code based on 2018 IBC/IRC; local enforcement primary. Habitability statute: Iowa Code §562A.15 (Uniform Residential Landlord and Tenant Act). Heating: Sept 1 through June 1; landlord must maintain 68°F in all habitable rooms. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room, outside sleeping areas, and on each floor; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (Iowa Code §100.18). CO detectors: required in all residential units with fuel-burning appliances or attached garage (Iowa Code §100.35). Repair-and-deduct: yes — after written notice and landlord failure to repair within 7 days (or 24 hours for essential services); cap is $300 or half month's rent. Notable: Iowa City has strict local housing inspection program including annual inspections for rental properties. Iowa preempts local rent control.

Building Codes — New Hampshire (NH) Rental Housing
Adopted code: NH Building Code based on 2009 IBC (amendment cycles slower than most states). Habitability statute: RSA 540-A (landlord's access and duties); RSA 48-A (standards of repair and maintenance for residential buildings). Heating: Oct 1 through May 1; landlord must maintain 65°F in all habitable rooms. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room and on each floor; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (RSA 153:10-a). CO detectors: required in all residential units with fuel-burning appliances or attached garage (RSA 153:10-b). No repair-and-deduct right by statute. Tenant remedy: sue in small claims court; local code enforcement. Notable: New Hampshire has relatively minimal residential landlord-tenant statute; reliance on common law. Manchester and Nashua have local housing code enforcement. NH preempts local rent control.

Building Codes — Hawaii (HI) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Hawaii State Building Code based on 2018 IBC with local amendments per county. Habitability statute: HRS §521-42 (Hawaii Residential Landlord-Tenant Code). Heating: Hawaii's climate makes heating requirements less relevant; landlord must maintain all systems in working order; no cold-weather heating season defined. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room and on each floor; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (HRS §132-7.5). CO detectors: required in all residential units with fuel-burning appliances (HRS §132-8). Repair-and-deduct: yes — after written notice and landlord failure within reasonable time; cap is $500 or one month's rent. Notable: Hawaii has the highest housing costs per capita of any state; Honolulu has explored rent control. Owner-occupied rentals under 6 units are regulated by county. Each county (Honolulu, Maui, Hawaii, Kauai) has its own building permit office and inspection program.

Building Codes — Indiana (IN) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Indiana Building Code based on 2014 IBC; enforcement primarily local. Habitability statute: IC 32-31-8 (landlord obligations under Indiana Code). Heating: landlord must supply heat; no specific minimum temperature in statute, but courts apply 68°F as habitability standard. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room and outside each sleeping area; landlord installs and maintains; battery or hardwired (IC 22-11-18). CO detectors: required in all new residential construction and in units with attached garages or fuel-burning appliances (IC 22-11-19.1). Repair-and-deduct: no statewide right. Tenant remedies: terminate lease after written notice and landlord failure to repair within 30 days; sue for damages. Notable: Indiana preempts local rent control. Indianapolis code enforcement enforces IPMC standards; rental registration not currently required citywide.

City Building Codes — Washington, DC
DC Department of Buildings (DOB) enforces DC Construction Codes (based on 2018 IBC with DC amendments) and DC Property Maintenance Code. Rental registration: DC Rental Accommodations Division (RAD): ALL rental units must be registered (DC Code §42-3502.05); annual fee per unit. DC Rent Control: Rental Housing Act of 1985 (DC Code §42-3501 et seq.): applies to most residential units in DC not built after 1975 or owned by small landlords (4 or fewer units owner-occupied); annual increase capped at CPI + 2% (or 10% max); just cause eviction required. DC Basic Business License: required for all rental housing operations. Heating: Oct 15 through May 15; landlord must maintain 68°F. DC Housing Code (14 DCMR): comprehensive minimum standards for all rental housing including structural, plumbing, mechanical, electrical, and occupancy. DC Office of the Tenant Advocate: provides tenant legal assistance and advocates for habitability. Unique: DC requires landlords to offer lease renewal unless grounds for non-renewal exist.

Building Codes — Mississippi (MS) Rental Housing
Adopted code: Mississippi Building Code based on 2018 IBC; enforcement is primarily local. Habitability statute: Miss. Code §89-8-17 (landlord obligations under Landlord and Tenant Act). Heating: landlord must maintain working heating system; no specific minimum temperature. Smoke detectors: required in each sleeping room and on each floor; landlord installs; battery or hardwired (Miss. Code §45-11-201). CO detectors: no statewide requirement. No repair-and-deduct right. Tenant remedy: terminate lease after 30-day written notice and failure to repair. Notable: Mississippi has among the most limited residential tenant protections in the US. Local codes vary widely; rural areas often lack formal code enforcement. Jackson has a local housing code enforcement office.

City Building Codes — Denver, CO
Denver Community Planning and Development (CPD) enforces Denver Building and Fire Code, based on 2021 IBC/IFC with Denver amendments. Denver Residential Rental License: all residential rental units in Denver require a license from CPD; fee per unit; first-time rental units require inspection. Denver Minimum Housing Standards: incorporates IPMC with Denver additions; specific standards for heating, ventilation, and lighting. Heating: Denver requires 68°F minimum in all habitable rooms (local ordinance). CO detectors: CO Rev. Stat. §38-12-102.5 requirement applies. Denver Just Cause Eviction: adopted 2023 — landlords must state a valid reason from enumerated list for eviction after 12 months of tenancy. Denver Fair Housing: Denver Human Rights and Community Partnerships enforces local fair housing ordinance including source-of-income discrimination prohibition (Section 8 tenants must not be refused). Unique: Denver Short-Term Rental (STR): registration required; limited to primary residence only.